Adolf Hitler biography

Adolf Hitler Childhood of Adolf Hitler Hitler as an Artist Hitler as a Soldier in World War I Entry into Politics Hitler comes into Power Hitler starts World War II Death Bibliography * Adolf Hitler http://History1900s. about. com/cs/hitleradolf/p/hitler. htm(Retrieved 16-04-2013) * Hitler Facts http://History1900s. com/od/hitleradolf/a/Hitler-Facts. htm(Retrieved 16-04-2013) * Adolf Hitler http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria.He spent his childhood in Austria. His parents were Alois (1897-1903) and Klara (1860-1907) Hitler. He was the fourth of six children. The family relocated quite a few times- 1984, the family relocated to Leonding, in 1897 they moved to Lambach and a year later, they permanently relocated back to Leonding. In 1902, when Hitler was 13, his father passed away and his mother had to take care of the family. Times were tough and Hitler decided to quit school at the age of 16 and never returned. Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist. o in 1907 and again in 1908, he applied to the Vienna Academy of Art but was denied entrance both times. At the end of 1908,his mother died of breast cancer. After his mother’s death, Hitler spent 4 years living on the streets of Vienna, selling postcards of his work to make money. To avoid serving in the Austrian army, Hitler moved to Munich, Germany in May 1913. Hitler volunteered to serve in the German army once the war began. Hitler survived 4 years of World War I, during which he was awarded 2 Iron Crosses for bravery.He sustained 2 injuries during the war-in October 1916 and October 13 1918, which caused him to go temporarily blind. After the war, many in Germany felt betrayed by the government. In 1919, Hitler was working for an army organization in which he was checking up for local political groups. While spying, he joined a group and became the 55th member called the German Worker’s Party and soon was leading it. In 1920 , the party’s name was changed to Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s party(the Nazi Party).In November 1923, Hitler was arrested for the failure of his sudden actions to take over the government of Germany. He was released 9 months later. After getting out of prison, Hitler was determined to build up the Nazi Party in order to take over the German government legally. In 1932, Hitler was granted German citizenship. In July 1932, the Nazi party won the elections making it the controlling political party in Germany. Hitler had enough support to become President but he lost the election to Paul von Hindenburg.A year later Hindenburg died and Hitler took over. After legally gaining power in Germany, Hitler began putting those who disagree with him in concentration camps and blaming all of the people’s problems on Communists and Jews. Without hurting anyone, Hitler was able to take over Austria in 1938 without a battle. When Germany attacked Poland on 1 September 1 939, other European Countries could no longer stand aside and watch-World War II began. Hitler slowly removed Jews from the German Society.However the Nazis made Jews to work as slaves and work for them. Hitler is considered as one of the most evil people on History because of the Holocaust. (A destruction by fire). On April 29 1945, Adolf Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun and wrote both his last will and political statement. The following day on 30th April 1945, Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commited suicide. On his Last will he wrote: â€Å"I am doing this only to avoid suffering and defeat. †

What Ails Indian Sports?

One of the greatest† degradations that has occurred in our country during the second half of the twentieth century, has been in the field of sports and games. The† only major performance of note has been the gold medal in hockey won at the Moscow Olympics in 1980 and the triumph at the 1983 & 2011 world cup in cricket,plus a few individual medals in Olympics and few success in Tennis. But these occasional triumphs do not augur well for the future of Indian sports. A nation of 1. 2 billion has not been able to produce a sportsperson or athlete of international standards even after 6 decades of independence. In today’s new climate of peace, a nation’s achievements in sports are valued far above its arsenal or military might. We have, however, lagged behind in every field in spite of a large potential manpower. What does really ail Indian sports? With a few honourable exceptions like cricket, chess and tennis (where, even at the best of times, our performance has been erratic to say the least), our sportspersons and athletes like the ‘Flying Sikh’ Milkha Singh and the ‘Sprint Queen’ P. T. Usha have failed to find a mention in the international medal tally, in spite of their best efforts and glowing eulogies at home. The chances of our doing well or making a mark in the international arena remain grim till date. At home also, the standard in regional, state-level and national-level games is fast deteriorating. The malady, indeed, is deep rooted. The first and the foremost cause is the poor state of our economy. We cannot spot, nourish and nurture talent even in the initial stages. Whoever hits the spotlight is, by and large, a fluke. He or she has done it on one’s own merit. For instance, our cricket hero Kapil Dev has come up’ against all odds to make a mark in international cricket. Privatisation or sponsorship of the various games and sports is the only answer especially when we cannot spare enough funds for sporting activities in the country. Today, when about less than 25% of our population lives below the poverty line, the nation cannot spare funds from other developmental activities to sponsor sports. In such a scenario, privatisation of sports and games is the only remedy. It is done in the United States and the rest of the developed world. We can also do this if we wish sports and games to flourish in this country. The second cause of the fast-deteriorating standards in Indian sports is the politicisation of sports. Regionalism, linguism and favoritism are all visible, when any selection for a national or international event is made. This coupled with the lack of basic infrastructure, has hindered any progress in this direction. While we have gone in for huge stadia like the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi, we have sadly neglected building small stadia and arenas in the rural and semi-urban centers, to encourage sporting talent in the initial stages. And such talent, whenever it comes to the fore, is grossly neglected at the time of selection for any event because they do not fit into any caste, region, language or group considerations of the selectors. This is a major shortcoming at the moment. Then, there is a lack of professionalism in our sportspersons; they lack the competitive spirit and are prone to rest on their laurels. Very few of our sportspersons keep up the strict regimen in respect of diet and training once they have achieved some name and fame. A medal here or a medal there is all they can achieve in lifetime before fading away into oblivion. The acme of their achievement is the Arjuna Award. How many chess grandmasters like Viswanathan Anand or cueists of international repute like Geet Sethi has the country produced? Our sportspersons, who have kept up the initial promise, can be counted on fingertips. Parental emphasis on studies, at the expense of sports and game, is another cause for the desperate straits in which Indian sports and games find themselves today. A sportsperson is considered no good unless he or she is academically above par, if not brilliant. A good sportsperson, who does not fare well in studies, is always looked down upon as an idler or no-gooder. Added to it is the lack of sports consciousness in the Indian mind. Our duty is to create an awareness of sports and games in the minds of the people if things are to improve in times to come. Otherwise we are likely to sink deeper into the morass with the passage of time. It is true our achievements in the sports have been negligible, but it is also true that there is no lack of talent in our country. If healthy atmosphere is created and selections properly made we can do a lot in this field. Simply to honour the outstanding sports persons at functions or staging international sports will not serve our purpose. We should extend every possible facility to our sportspersons and encourage them to take up sports and games more seriously.

Critical Incidents Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Incidents Response - Assignment Example ense to establish agencies that control data centers in the states/cities and who can be of assistance when a state is under duress, whether medical, weather-related or physiological. Such agencies do exist, but have yet to pick up speed as was shown up in the tragic carnage in Virginia Tech. This Paper examines how the national grid has been networked and its command and control set up. In any data gathering and collating agency, the inputs can be inundating in volume, with a high level of irrelevance. All the same, every bit of information must be considered as actionable intelligence until proved otherwise. ‘Analysis must be objective and independent of political considerations. Since no single Agency has the ability to cater to the variability, pace, activity level and anticipated quantum of demands of information and its analyses, it must utilize distributed expertise, regardless of where in the Intelligence Community (IC) this expertise is. Collaboration must the norm in the IC, overcoming technical, policy and administrative barriers. The analytical process must be transparent, with logical argumentation and evidence-supported analyses. If intelligence gaps cannot be covered within the IC, the IC must tap external expertise to obtain relevant data, even if international agencies are to be involved’ (www.fas.org). As far as practicable, data and a nalysis sharing must be in real time and all operating agencies and operators data-linked. In an emergent situation, one of the most critical information systems is the Public Information System. ‘The US National Incident Management System (NIMS) requires that public information be organized around a Joint Information System (JIS) that is overseen by the Public Information Officer (PIO). The Public Information Officer (PIO) represents and advises the Incident Commander on all public information matters relating to the management of the incident. The PIO handles: The PIO also oversees other functions required

Xerox Corporation - Cause of Failure Competition Essay

Xerox Corporation - Cause of Failure Competition - Essay Example These factors increased competition enhancing the need of new technological innovations and new ways to compete. "In the 1980s, Xerox Corporation's revenue share of the copier business declined from 90 percent to 43 percent as a result of increased competition from Ricoh, Sharp, and Canon in Japan and Kodak and IBM in the United States" (Contemporary Trends in Human Resources Management, n.s.). The industry of competition can be characterized as follows: "Xerox compete in the market for service of Xerox high volume copiers" (Xerox Corporation. Creative Copier services. 2004). In general, competition theory has been developed, described and analyzed by such gurus as M. Porter, C.K. Prahalad and G. Hamel, R.M. Hodgetts, H. Mitzberg, R. D'Aveni. They describe that to be effective, competition should not always be a formal process. Studies of the planning practices of actual organizations suggest that the real value of competition may be more in the future orientation of the planning process itself than in any resulting written strategic plan. The failure Xerox Corporation proves the fact that competition is not always "a safe" way to obtain a strong market position. Michael Porter contends that a corporation is most concerned with the intensity of competition within its industry. "The collective strength of these forces," he contends, "determines the ultimate profit potential in the industry, where profit potential is measured in terms of long-run return on invested capital." (Porter, 1980). The stronger each of these forces is, the more companies are limited in their ability to raise prices and earn greater profits. According to the case study "started from year 2000, Xerox's share price had fallen below $4, from a high of $64 a year earlier. Moreover, the copying and printing giants around the world were taking chunks of its market share" (Case Study: Xerox Corporation, n.d.). This failure was caused by the fact that intense competition and management strategy aimed to overcome "temporal" decline resulted in failure. A strong market position obtained by Xerox Corporation resulted in "less concern for US competitiveness" (Kato, n.d.). Globalization and international integration presents Xerox Corporation with enticing opportunities and challenges to reconfigure itself. New horizons allowed Xerox Corporation to maximize its global sales, in the belief that those that offer a global service and have a worldwide success through regional policy will be in the strongest competitive position (Xerox Corporation, 2005). Nevertheless, Xerox Corporation paid less attention to such important issues as technological changes and innovations. In his book "Competitive Advantage" Porter identifies five forces that drive competition within an industry: 1. The threat of entry by new competitors. 2. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitors. 3. Pressure from substitute products. 4. The bargaining power of buyers. 5. The bargaining power of suppliers (Porter, 1985). It is important, that a strong force can be regarded as a threat because it is likely to reduce profits. In contrast, a weak force can be viewed as an opportunity because it may allow the company to earn greater profits. In the short run, these forces act as constraints on a company's activities. In the long run, however, it may be possible for a company, through its choice of strategy, to change the strength of one or more of the forces to the company's advantage. The company states that: "We developed a comprehensive process

Becoming agile through mindfulness 2 Assignment

Becoming agile through mindfulness 2 - Assignment Example There are two types of mindfulness; organizational and individual. This classification is done to provide a clear distinction between the abilities of an organization or an individual. Individual mindfulness entails an individual’s ability to regularly come up with new categories in the interpretation and perception of the universe. Organizational mindfulness, on the other hand, refers to the cognitive aspects used to solve problems on an organizational level (Butler and Gray, 2006). Organizational mindfulness entails the continuous refinement and scrutiny of existing expectations depending on the ever changing environment. Such refinement and scrutiny ensures that uncertainties are handled accordingly (Weick and Sutcliffe, 2001). The following are the components that make up organizational mindfulness. Reluctance to Simplify Interactions – this refers to the ability of an organization to recognize complex processes and situations and find ways to view the problem from different angles (Nagle, McAvoy & Sammon, 2011). An organization that employs this component is able to identify different ways of handling complex issues, and situations that occur during the software development process. This is because all the views and opinions of the participants of the software development team are highly valued (Nagle, McAvoy & Sammon, 2011). For an organization to employ this component during the development, one of the following factors has to be included in the development process; 1. The participants should be free enough to express their ideas and opinions in regard to the development process. One of the participants of the Cork workshop talks of the aspect of incorporating the customer in the development process. When explaining to her colleagues about how the customer makes changes to the development process, one of the other participants questions whether there was a way to avoid all the changes imposed by the customer. He asked, â€Å"So there was n ot stopping that?†(21:07). This participant was concerned with the organizations over flexibility towards the customer. However, he was interested to learn whether the other participant felt the same. Being mindful of his colleague, he did not impose his opinion on her; instead he gave her a chance to express herself. After being given the chance to speak, the female gives her view. She says; â€Å"No, actually it’s a very positive thing, that’s to be welcomed because actually it’s put our project in front of the chief executive its put their client’s role within the organization in a higher level of importance and is actually informing the organization better about what they do, so those changes are actually quite nice† (21:08). 2. Analysis of customer requirements or any requirements should be prolonged. This goes a long way to ensure that all participants or stakeholders of a development process are fully aware of the current state of affa irs. Discussions that are held during the course of the development process should be conducted in such a manner that all those who do not fully grasp the situation are able to do so by the end of the discussion. This involves clarifying issues to persons who may not understand any technical jargon used. During the workshop held in Cork many

Carbon footprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon footprint - Research Paper Example According to a research conducted by University of California, average American household carbon emissions are about 19.8 metric tons of carbon emissions. However, some of our activities increase the average level of carbon emissions. In my daily routine, I use to travel in my car to a fair distance to the gym where I workout for about 1 hour and then take sauna for about 15 minutes and then travel back to home. The total distance to gym from my home and form gym to my home is about 10 miles that adds 1.43 metric tons of carbon emission to my individual carbon footprint. Working out at gym for 1 hour further adds 0.28 metric ton of carbon footprint per year. In the similar manner, my food carbon footprint is also high, as I do like cheese and beef that have the most carbon footprint (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). I have an old inefficient refrigerator at home that makes a lot of noise but less cooling. The carbon footprint of the refrigerator is about 175 Kg. My television footprint is about 215 Kg that is the exact value of emitted carbon-dioxide from a television if we use it for 4 hours daily. I almost utilize the watching machine daily that adds about 91 Kg of carbon emission to my individual carbon footprint (Vaughan, 2009). In order to reduce my personal carbon footprint, I must change my lifestyle, particularly, some of the activities that have higher carbon footprint. The activities like sauna, workout, driving in car to the gym, watching television and using incandescent lights are required to be changed (Sovacool & Brown, 2010). At very initial stage, I will calculate the calories that I reduce during the workout at gym and sauna. It is better to do any alternate exercise like cycling, jogging or any other activity. Cycling for short distance for grocery reduces the travels carbon footprint as well as reduces the calorie count of the body and makes a person fit. I will

Data mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data mining - Essay Example t generally apply: every application must deliver benefits to the users; users must feel comfortable with the way in which the system manipulates and presents information. Data mining is based on statistical analysis and modeling techniques, Data mining becomes a strategic weapon of organizations because it increases significantly the volume of information that can be stored and the ease with which it can be updated. This enables new services to be provided in a way that was not economically feasible before. The three main steps in data mining are discovering, predicting modeling and forensic analysis. â€Å"Discovery is the process of looking in a database to find hidden patterns without a predetermined idea or hypothesis about what the patterns may be† (Pushpa 2007, p.1). Discovery consists of three subcategories: conditional logic, affinities and associations, trends and associations. â€Å"In predictive modeling patterns discovered from the database are used to predict the future.† (Pushpa 2007, p. 2). Predicting modeling involves outcomes prediction and forecasting. Most of the data mining applications used by an organization consist of simply taking information in one form, performing some very simpl e transformations to that information (rarely more than aggregation and the usual arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and then presenting the processed information in another form. Thus, forensic analysis allows both deviation detection and link analysis. It is defined as: †the process of applying the extracted patterns to find anomalous or unusual data elements† (Pushpa 2007, p.2).The underlying architecture of data warehousing that an organization needs to best perform these tasks is obvious. There must be some form of flexible, central data store containing all the information and data that are going to be manipulated, fed by a variety of information-gathering processes. The main data mining techniques are

Java technology related to this tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Java technology related to this tool - Essay Example Besides, java is advantageous because it is more secure. Unlike other programming languages such as C++, java has a highly protected interpreter, compiler, compatible browser and runtime environment. This is a good idea since it helps it to ensure that the safety of all records is taken into account. Thus, any data stored in the system can not be compromised whatsoever. In other words, it is very secure software which can be entrusted with the bank and the clients’ records at all times. Last, but by no means the least, java programming language can be useful in the designing and maintenance of the money tracker because of its simplicity. It has got several features that make it to be easier to operate. These include a small number of language constructs, garbage collections and an automatic memory allocation. At the same time, it is equipped with a very clear syntax. These actually make it easier to operate by the programmer, bank’s management and individual

Drugs and there effect on society Essay Example for Free

Drugs and there effect on society Essay We opened the chapter with the story about an outdoor company, and we end it with a story about another outdoor company. The company we’re discussing this time, based in Portland, Oregon, was the brainchild of a small group of executives who left big times jpbs at Patagonia, Nike, and Adidas. These individuals shared a belief that ‘ in addition to generating a profit, companies have an equal responsibilities to create positive social and environmental change.’ Putting their beliefs into action, the group formed Nau (which is Maori for ‘Welcome! Come in†). and Nau id not just another outdoor company! When deciding what Nau was going to be like and how it was going to do business, the founders knew they didn’t want to do things the way they’d always been done by traditional businesses. CEO Chris Van Dyke said, â€Å"We started with a clean whiteboard. We belived every single operational element in our business was an opportunity to turn traditional business notions inside out, integrating environmental, social, and economic factors.† From design to sales to finances, Nau is driven by these factors. Everything in Nau’s operation had been approached with sustainability and social justice â€Å"filter.† In the design area, the company, in partnership with its suppliers, developed 24 of its 32 fabrics to be more sustainable and to combine performance and visual appeal. Each supplier, manufacturer, and even Nau itself is bound by a code of conduct. To ensure that all parties are living up to the standards, their actions are overseen by an independent, nonprofit auditing and research firm. In the sales area, the way the company retails its products is also unique. Using a concept it calls a â€Å"Web-front,† Nau has combined the efficiency of the Web with the intimacy of a gallery like boutique. In the â€Å"store†, customers can try on clothes, but they use self-serve kiosks to purchase from the Web. Because in-store inventory is greatly reduced, the stores are small 92,400 squares feet compared to the standard 4,000 plus square foot outdoor retail store) . This approach saves operating expenses because less energy and fewer materials are used. Good for the planet†¦..good for the business. Finally, Nau has a unique financial approach it calls â€Å"aggressive altruism†. The company has pledged 5 percent sales to charitable organizations dedicated to solving crucial environmental and humanitarian problems. The â€Å"philanthropic  gold standard† is 1 percent of sales, and the average among all corporations is 0.047 percent. But although the amount it gives is unusual, what happens with Nau’s dollars is really exceptional: Nau puts the giving decision in the hands of its customers. They’re asked to indicate which â€Å"Partners for Change† they’d like their 5 percent to go to. Using this â€Å"conscious choice† process, Nau is â€Å"calling its customers out, daring them to connect the dots.† Discussion questions 1. What do you think of Nau’s approach to doing business? Is it being ethical and responsible? Discuss. 2. Will Nau’s approach have a limited appeal, or do you think it had staying power? What drawbacks might there be to what Nau is doing? 3. Is it a business’s responsibility to get customers to â€Å" connect the dots’ and make choices about social issues? 4. Are there lessons here for other businesses? Discuss. INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Students are required to form a group of 4 (FOUR) to 5 (FIVE) persons. One of the group members should be assigned as the group leader. Deadline: Submit your report in Week 5, which is 18.04.2014 (FRIDAY) before 12pm. * Late submission will not be entertained and you should bear the consequences.

Drama coursework - Response Essay Example for Free

Drama coursework Response Essay Introduction In our group we came up with lots of similarities in our thought showers. A lot of us described the Witches the same as in the green faces, long noses warts spots, and there broom sticks. Some differences that our group came up with is that a few of us thought of modern witches, as in a normal human being look but with witch features, instead of black cats a lot of our group wrote different pet names. Our mind has been influenced about the topic by many things e. g. the media’s outlook on a stereotypical witch, children’s stories also portray witches with the green faces big hats etc. which means movies portray it like this. Also from the image created by our ancestors where the apparent witches were being burnt at the stake. Macbeth extract: focusing on the ‘outsider’ This role-play brought about issues such as how society today fears outsiders. How society today is divided into different groups, such as Goths / punks / gangster and take different paths in life. We fear the outsiders of society because we fail to understand the logic behind their culture / background. This also brings about racism / religion clashes. In the olden days most of the fear was based around witches because they were conveyed as the biggest outsiders. The storyline of our role-play was about a gothic boy who was feared isolated from family school because of being a Goth. We started the role play with Steven (the gothic boy) being in a school photo where is he is isolated from the rest of the school and then we went into his home life where his parents siblings make jokes about his appearance and his way of life. We ended the play with a twist, where Steven was with all his gothic friends and his little brother (Aaron Tovee) walks past Steven and his group of gothic friends and is mocked for being what society would call â€Å"normal† and he is then conveyed as the outsider. We showed isolation in this play from the very first scene. In the first scene we had school photos were Steven (the outsider) was separated a foot away from the rest of the school that were huddled together for the photo. We portrayed an even bigger sense of frustration isolation by this when the photographer asks Steven to step in the photo and the group moves away from him. The photographer blames Steven and again snaps at Steven to move into the photo. We did this to show how normal society blames the outsider, as if it was just easier to do so. We also showed isolation at the dinner table of Stevens’s family-home. We showed this by having all his siblings laugh and snigger at him and make comments like â€Å"drink blood† because of his gothic background. We ended that scene with Stevens father shouting at Steven telling him he’s not welcome in the home for kicking his sibling under the table (for making the comments) and telling him to get out and hang around with ‘his own kind.’ This made the whole idea of isolation seem a lot more effective because even his father, he whom he should be very close with, kicks him out of the house belting abuse at the top of his voice just because he is a Goth. We also ended our role-play with a twist on the sense of isolation where Steven is with a group of his Goth friends when his little brother walks past and his little brother feels isolated and afraid because he is the outsider there. The crucible Some similarities of ideas that we had on the idea of witchcraft from this stimuli went along the lines of how accusations were so quickly thrown around in the courtroom, and how everyone believed someone who was called a witch. Most people also thought that it was a fairly racist time and that’s why if you was black like the maid in the stimuli the blame was easily put on you. Some differences on the stimuli were about how the accused always showed a sense of fear. How society was so gullible and why the lies were started. In our role play we showed the accusation by the same sort of scene as the stimuli. We had it set in a court-room in the olden times whereas the judge’s verdict was the final, and punishment was death / something incorporating pain. We built hysteria in our role-play by levelling up the amount of volume in the courtroom until it was mayhem and chaos with everyone throwing accusations of being a witch to the accused. We marked the moment where the defence is getting shouted at and abused really badly and she gets up and accuses a man from the courtroom audience. We did this by building up the hysteria with everyone standing up shocked, and built up amount of noise slowly to a really loud volume and then when she got up and said â€Å"It’s him!† we silenced the courtroom immediately so it was just a big awkward silence. Studying this stimulus helped us understand the context at the time because it showed how gullible society was at that time period. An example of this is the fact that everyone believed that a person was a witch just by someone else’s word. The stimulus also shows that there was a big thing about racism in that time. An example of this is where the black woman was blamed for being the witch and beat brutally, the accusation was easily accepted by society because of the colour of her skin. Forum Theatre. Our class used forum theatre through studying a news article about a woman sacrificing her two babies to Satan. We then used this as a stimulus and did a whole-class courtroom drama, where we would switch places (defence, prosecution, judge, witnesses etc) This was useful to use because it made you think on the spot about the subject and it also improved your improvisation skills. Using the court-room drama attached with forum theatre was very useful because reading about just the sacrifice gave you a biased opinion about what really happened. But when we used the courtroom drama we had to act as defence as well so you started thinking about both sides of the story, and maybe reasons for why they did it. When playing the witnesses it also opened up that it might not just affect the family it could also affect other people around too. Conclusion My understanding of the topic has developed through studying the different stimuli a lot because you start to realise that witchcraft isn’t all fairytales and children’s books. It can be portrayed through children’s theatre, but also relate to serious events such as when the babies were sacrificed by the mother to Satan and such. Studying the different stimuli in different times and cultures developed our Understanding a lot too because you can see that not along ago was it that people actually were killed for being accused of witches, and everything was done through religion, and people believed in God strongly. You can see that science has developed through the ages and changed the thoughts of people today drastically through things such as the theory of evolution, which puts people in 2 minds about the creation of mankind, and even questions religion. Therefore people aren’t willing to believe things like witchcraft anymore as it has become abnormal for us to comprehend supernatural things.

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Introduction The employees as well as the other sections of an organization have to face various types of safety and health issues. The more risk of safety and health issues will decrease the confidence and the efficiency of the workers and it will decline the reputation of a certain organization. It is practicable to apply suitable safety and health policy for the organization. It should be done after considering all the relevant facts. Those factors can be understood by performing a through observation and study. The safe and secure environment should be maintained fro the employees and it is the duty of the management to take necessary steps to implement it LO-01: Implementation of health and safety legislation the social and health care center 1.1: The establishment of health and safety needs in a work place: The health and safety policy of a work place plays a major role in the organization. Poor health and safety policy of an organization will be a negative effect on the individuals, organizations and finally the society. A great attention should be paid to this subject in a social care work place where the risks of safety and health issues are very common. The effects of the issues related to health and safety can be smaller or critical. They can affect in many ways and the effects can be sufferings, injury or the death, psychological issues, financial issues, reduced productivity and low confidence. This situation leads to the destruction of the social image of the organization. Sometimes the safety related issue can be harming the development and the maintenance the business of that organization. This can be very serious when it is related to a social welfare institute. In certain cases the management has to suffer from severe financial losses. The employees must have the ability to work in a very protective and friendly environment. The relaxation can make great changes in the functioning of the organization. The organization wants to keep the employees in a good condition with performing their duties in a very relaxed manner. The well being of the employee is very essential for the employer to get the maximum benefit (Garcarz, W., 2005). The health and safety measures should be according to the expectations of the organization and they should not harm the progress of the organization. The application of suitable policy and marinating it can be a very important part of the organization and it will improve the commercial aspect of the organization 1.2 Impact of the health and safety needs on the employees and the practitioners: The management should be aware of the situation of the employees. The employees who do not perform in accordance to set guideline will face lot of problems. The employees should be trained in various types of activities related to the organization, the communication or getting correct idea about certain issues. All the problems of the formation can be reported and the other can get a clear idea about the issues and it helps the employer to get the maximum service of the employees as well as to minimize the health and safety related issues in the types of the situations and implementations. The following can be used to keep the communication regarding the health and safety issues in the organization (Fisher, A.,2005). These can be employed to inform the employees as well as it will be very useful in getting feedback of the employees as well as the customers and the practitioners of the institute. Health and Safety website of the organization Employees and modes of communication. Online employee health and safety introduction projects Employees information publications Safety manuals and Safe Work Procedures Instruction manuals and other literature. These sources can be employed according to the requirement as well as the affordability of the organization. The future improvements of the policy and other remedies can be possible if those problems are properly recorded. The management or the other responsible parties can make necessary alterations to the policy. The issues of the organization should be carefully assessed by the, these reports can be possible with the following methods. Workplace accident inspection reports Accident and incident report Health and injury and other issues management report Report of the injured workers compensation Audits of the health and safety aspect 1.3 Monitoring and review of health and safety strategies: The management is the decision making body of the organization so they are responsible fro each and every decision of the organization. The management or the employer has to perform a great task in maintaining a satisfactory standard in the health and safety condition of the entire organization (Fisher, A., 2005). The health and safety should be applied to each and every individual who is associated with the organization. He has to manage each and every aspect of the organization so that he can pay more attention to the health and well fare of the people of the organization. The management has to plan a risk free environment for the employees from various components of the place of work. Providing information, instruction, training and supervision regarding safety and health of employees The management or the employer makes the employee aware of the safety and health of the place of work. The management can offer the employees with welfare and other facilities. Preventing risks to other people at the place of work including, for example, visitors, customers, suppliers and sales representatives The employer should prevent others from falling into trouble The employer or the manger must have some remedial plans or solutions for the emergency. LO-02 Impact of health and safety requirements on customers and the work of practitioners 2.1 The effect of the risk assessment on the planning of organizational and individual decisions It is a fact that the workers who are employed in the health care sector of any country have to perform a variety of duties. Sometimes they have to perform risky and hard duties. There is the risk of contamination as well as exposing themselves to the danger. So it is a must to understand the situations that they have to face. As many of the workers are performing multitasks in the hospital, they are more vulnerable to hardships (Moonie. N.,2000). There will be danger in various activities that they perform, such as handling the patients, cleaning the place transporting and handling the medical instruments. The risks that the employee has to face can be divided into 5 types Biological risks- This is one of the most common situation. The getting exposed to several diseases and getting negative effects or getting the diseases This is one of the prominent issues a management has to answer in the process of making new changes to the system. Chemical risks. Chemicals which are used to treat cancers and other critical issues can be understood as one of the health and safety issue Physical risks– Ionization and radiation are good examples. The employees who are used to assign to handle those machines and chemicals are to be paid. such as Ergonomic risks,- the danger of getting injuries and harmed. This can be resulted in mostly handling patients. For example, patient handling Psychosocial risks– this is another r types of health and safety issue in handling violence and shift work 2.2 Analyzing the priorities of health and safety strategies: The reporting of the health and safety issues in the organization is a very important part. The relevant incident should be reported to the management in the perfect manner and the feedback can be successfully applied by the management and other policy makers to make more practicable policy in health and safety needs ain an organization. The management can get several advantages of these reports to the welfare of the organization; he can use the collected knowledge and experience in order to do several activities fro the well fare of the company Employees as well as the community (HSSCU, 2010). As the employer wanted to make the health and safety legislations more effective it should be implemented with proper planning after the identification of various connected facts. The proposed plans and ideas should be able to match the structure of the organization. It can be done in the following manner Care planning There are several types and modes of implementing policies for the organization. Most of the organizations try to create the policy while offering the maximum benefit to the employees. The wellbeing and the satisfaction of the employees are taken into the consideration. Dilemmas and challenges It is not an easy task to introduce an effective safety policy into an organization. There will be lots of dilemmas and also challenges to the management. So the policy should be considered very carefully after taking all the parties into the consideration, Own practice- The implementation of the policies can be vary from organization to organization. So the process of implementation legislation should be done according to the culture and environment of the area. Monitoring and revising. The procedures and updates should be monitored and the observations can be applied to the development of the policy. An organization can get good examples from the previous threats and drawbacks Creating a healthy and safety working environment- a safe and healthy environment can be made for various levels or categories of the employees. The management can use training programs and workshops in order to get more feedback. 2.3 Application of the safety and health policy into the place of work The management should pay a great attention to ensure the employees’ awareness of the health and safety issues. The employees should be aware of the possible dangers that they have to face as well as the customers and practitioners have to face. The process should be started with a basic level of cleanliness. They should be properly educated with proper handling of chemicals and the same keeping the environment in the perfect manner (Garcarz, W.,2005). They should be trained to dispose the garbage in the perfect manner. In that way the management will get the ability to reduce most of the health hazards in the place of work. LO-03 Monitoring and reviewing of health and safety policy: 3.1 Situation of the safety and health strategies in the place of work: There should be facilities to monitor the protective and preventive measures. This step will be useful to assess the practicability of the policy which is introduced to the organization. This should be done continuously as it can offer the best idea after certain period. The assessment should be checked over and over in order to find the most suitable version or the policy. The implementation of health and safety policy in a place of work can be very useful to all the relevant parties. The employees can get the benefit of having the freedom to work as they wish and they can perform according to the requirements of the organization without getting into trouble or putting others into trouble. The second party is the management (CIS, 2010). They can maintain the functions of the organization in a very smooth and they will be to gain more profits. 3.2 Effectiveness of the safety and health strategies: The customers and the practitioners are too getting many advantages the place of work will be a very interesting place for the employees as well as the employers. The management puts his attention on the employees, practitioners as well as the visitors to the organization. When concerning the safety and the well being of the employee, the employer should pay his attention on following. The employer must keep his duty of making a satisfactory working area for the employee. There are several duties of the employer. As there are more positive changes many customers will visit the place and the future of the organization will be very successful. 3.3 The individual contribution to the implementation: The practitioners will be able to offer their respective service in the best manner; it will be a great advantage for the business. The management should try to apply various types of strategies in order to select the most suitable one. It may take time but the final result will be very important to the organization. The each and every member of the organization should pay his or her contribution in the process of understanding and the implementation of the health and safety policy. They should take part in those training and awareness programs and should be getting themselves well educated. It is a very easy and successful task if the employees and other relevant parties are ready to move forward. 4.0 Conclusion: The health and safety plays a prominent role in an organization. It is the duty of the management to implement a suitable policy and it should offer the positive changes to the organization. In a social care organization, more attention must be paid for the health and safety factor as the employees are more vulnerable to various types of diseases as well as accidents. The policy should be changed according to the requirements of the individuals as well as the requirement of the time. This can be done by careful evaluation of the process ( Moonie. N., 2000).. The measurements of the safety and health can be utilized by the management in order to find the negative as well as positive features of the existing policy. It can be updated or changed after careful assessment. 5.0 References: AHS. (2010).Strategic Plan for Workplace Health and Safety.Available: www.albertahealthservices.cahttp. Last accessed 10/5/2014 CIS. (2010).Assessment. Com. Health and Safety in an Adult Social Care Set.Available: Fisher, A. (2005).Health and Social Care. London: Oxpord-Henemann. Garcarz, W (2005).Statutory and Mandatory Training in Health and Social Care: A Toolkit for Good Practice. -: Radcliff publishing-oxon. -. https://:www.cis-assessment.co.uk. Last accessed 10/5/2014. HSSCU,. (2007).Health Services – Information about workplace health and .Available: http//www.hse.gov.uk. Last accessed 9/05/2014. HSSCU,. (2007).Health Services – Information about workplace health and .Available: http//www.hse.gov.uk. Last accessed 10/05/2014. Moonie. N (2000).Advanced Health and Social Care. London : Oxford: Heinemann. Contribute to the developmence of healthynt and maintena. Available: http//www.ocr.org.uk. Last accessed 9/5/2014. http//www.osha.europa.eu. Last accessed 11/5/2014.

Compare how Nichols and Alvi explore the issue of identity in Hurricane

Compare how Nichols and Alvi explore the issue of identity in Hurricane Hits England and Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan In this essay I aim to compare the two poems Compare how Nichols and Alvi explore the issue of identity in â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† and â€Å"Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan† In this essay I aim to compare the two poems â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† by Grace Nichols and â€Å"Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan† by Moniza Alvi. I aim to analyse the language and structure shape of different meanings, also to see what acts as a trigger in the two poems and finally to compare the issues rose about culture. Both of the poets feelings about their culture are triggered by something, which makes them think about how they feel. Alvi uses the presents to act as a trigger, which makes her realise, she isn’t as happy as what she could be. When she describes herself as †Staring through the fretwork,† she shows that she feels torn between the two cultures. She also feels that she is stuck within the English culture but wants to widen her knowledge to the Pakistani culture and maybe even switch her culture. Another meaning to when she says this, is she doesn’t feel the fretwork is only iron but the English culture is there stopping her and not the iron frame. Or it could even be herself that is stopping her because she is afraid of not fitting in since she has changed so much. In comparison, Nichols uses the hurricane to act as her trigger, however, it doesn’t have the same effect on her as it did on Alvi. When Nichols says â€Å"It took a hurricane to bring her closer to the landscape,† she is talking about herself. When she says this, she means that ever since she moved to England, she has felt that he... ...ow the traditions as well. The quotes show that the Pakistani culture follows a tradition of wearing a salwar kameez, whereas the English culture follows a tradition of â€Å"quick and easy beds†. She uses this as a contrast between the two cultures to make them apart. Throughout the poem Alvi explores the different cultures and there meanings. Nichols refers to the cultures in different ways. When she writes, †Talk to me Huracon†¦Oya†¦Shango,† she is directly addressing them and talks to them as if they were her family. I personally think that each of these poems has its own unique qualities, however my personal favourite is Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan. I like this poem because Moniza Alvi manages to express her feelings in a way that I have never been able to and also because she can explore the way she feels by choosing different things to compare.

Shakespeares Macbeth - Macbeths Guilt :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth's Implacable Guilt    The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth underscores the important and usually unforeseen effect of sin, that of guilt. The guilt is so deep that Lady Macbeth is pushed to suicide, and Macbeth fares only slightly better.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that, regarding guilt in the play:    Briefly stated, and with elaborations to follow, Macbeth is the story of a kindly, upright man who was incited and goaded, by the woman he deeply loved, into committing a murder and then, because of his sensitive nature, was unable to bear the heavy burden of guilt that descended upon him as a result of that murder. (37)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons mentions the guilt and ambition of Lady Macbeth and their effect:    [Re "I have given suck" (1.7.54ff.)] Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use.   (56)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson comments regarding the guilt of the protagonist:    It is a subtler thing which constitutes the chief fascination that the play exercises upon us - this fear Macbeth feels, a fear not fully defined, for him or for us, a terrible anxiety that is a sense of guilt without becoming (recognizably, at least) a sense of sin. It is not a sense of sin because he refuses to recognize such a category; and, in his stubbornness, his savage defiance, it drives him on to more and more terrible acts. (74)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth:    Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncan's crown - she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants; yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father.

Bombardier Aerospace Essay

After acquiring a few companies, Bombardier Aerospace was now faced with the challenge of how to align the operations of these companies who all had different sets of data, processes and systems. Major areas of concern were process delays, low inventory turn, inconsistent pricing and billing of materials among others. Bombardier introduced the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) into its aerospace division with a vision to achieve higher efficiency in manufacturing and also to significantly save cost. To assess the performance of this IT project, Bombardier Aerospace needs to consider the following six variables which are interdependent as far as success or failure is concerned. System Quality examines the desirable characteristics of an information system. These may include ease of use, system flexibility, system variability and ease of learning. If we take a look at the first phase of the project which was carried out at the Mirabel Plant, we realize that this element of system quality is not very solid. There were complaints from users with regards to the IT system. Problems were encountered after the Go Live and as a result, several users were still using legacy systems for some aspects of their work. In the second phase at the Saint-Laurent plant, we realize that after robust measures were put in place, they achieved data accuracy of 97 percent. The second variable to consider is Information Quality. This examines the desirable qualities of the system output such as its relevance, understandability, currency, timeliness and usability. The methods employees encountered delays in modifying bills of materials. Also, it took some time before they could understand what information the newly formed Master Data group required of them. This tells us that Information Quality was poor in the first phase of ERP implementation. As far as the Use of the IT project is concerned, Bombardier Aerospace needs to look at the degree and manner in which staff and users utilize the capabilities of the system. For instance, the amount of use, frequency of use, appropriateness of use or the purpose of the use. In the phase two, most users of the new system reacted positively to it but the project at the Mirabel plant was quite different. Sourcing agents could not approve a purchase order for a part if its contract did not contain a price or if the current price was different from that stated in the contract. This was a flaw in the system as far as its use was concerned. Another way to assess the IT project’s success or failure is by measuring the User Satisfaction. Not until after about one year after Go live, user satisfaction at the Mirabel plant was not good enough. Users from various functions complained about significant delays in getting answers to their queries. At the Saint-Laurent plant on the hand, most users felt that the new system made their job easier. The ERP implementation had different impacts on individuals. Employees in finance at the Mirabel plant were frustrated by the system. They had to make manual corrections to the general ledger if materials were issued incorrectly. At the Mirabel plant, the majority of users thought that the new system had impacted them positively. They thought that their inputs were taken into consideration and they virtually used the system in all instances. In terms of organizational impact, we are able to tell from the case that the project was a successful one. One of the primary goals of implementing this system was improve visibility and reduce the value of inventory held by Bombardier Aerospace. The BMIS contributed to reducing inventories by $1.2 billion in just less than a year after Go Live. Also Procurement became more efficient and integrated due to the implementation.

Fantastik All-Purpose Cleaners

Case: fantastik All-Purpose Cleaners Key Decision: Develop a brand strategy to increase fantastik’s sales and maintain its leadership position in the increasingly competitive all-purpose cleaner market. Problem/Opportunity: fantastik has limited financial resources to promote and develop its brand. Also, other heavy price discounting and new higher-priced cleaning products have threatened fantastik’s market leading position. Thus, fantastik needs to lower its retail price or innovate product categories to attract and maintain customers.Stakeholders: Johnson family benefit from the profits earned and success of the business. Customers need the strong cleaning function provided by the cleaners. Employees need a stable and safe working environment and expected salaries. Analysis: Internal: fantastik has leading brand equity in industry and strong social responsibility that commit to communities and the environment, thus customers who pursue green lifestyle could be loyal t o fantastic. Moreover, fantastik’s retail price $3. 9 is relatively high compared with its competitors, thus it may lose customers who are price sensitive. External: Consumers are moving towards environmentally friendly products, it gives fantastik a good opportunity and competitive advantage to compete with other competitors. Consumer Analysis: The target market is women aged from 25 to 49 who are responsible for the cleanness at home and has upper household income. They are concerned about quality of life, thus they prefer to purchase product with high quality.Competitive Analysis: The competitors are other all-purpose cleaners such as Lysol, Easy Off Bam, Mr. Clean, Vim, Hertel and private label. Those competitors offer lower retail price than fantastik and have strong cleaning function. Especially, private label products have the advantage of high margin for retailer and good shelf space. Alternative Marketing Strategies: Decision criteria: 1. Maintain competitive market share 2. Commit to environment 3. Allocate limited financial recourses successfullyAlternatives: 1. Develop new form of product and consistent with environmental responsibility. 2. Reduce retail price to remain competitive in the market. 3. Develop new scent of fantastik. It will cost too much to do market research and test and it’s easy to be copied by competitors. Recommendation: Decision: fantastik should develop new form of product and be consistent with environmental responsibility to attract more customers and improve household penetration, thus it can extend its product life cycle.Implementation Plan: Marketing Strategy: Target women aged from 25 to 49 who are responsible to do the cleanness of home and position high quality and functional benefit of product. Marketing Mix: Produce higher quality and new function product and commit to environment responsibility to earn brand equity from customers, and use higher retail price to indicate its high quality and make profit through high margin in the beginning.Moreover, company should use personal selling, product show and shelf advertising as promotion strategy. Finally, company can choose convenience stores nearby community as distribution centres in addition to major grocery, drug and mass merchandisers. Expected Results: fantastik can increase its dollar share by 4% in 2007 and keep its market leading position through implementing the marketing strategy.

Fast Food Feast †Mcdonald’s Versus Whataburger Essay

Operation and Supply chain management (OSCM) is one of the foundations that successful businesses count on to provide a competitive advantage within their industry. The goal of OSCM is to develop and maintain a system that effectively and efficiently manages the flow of raw material resources into useful end products for consumer use (Chase, 2006). In the fast food industry this process takes center stage in maintaining competitive pricing. A review of the production process in two national chains, Whataburger and McDonald’s, showcases each chain’s approaches to OSCM. Observed Production Processes McDonald’s restaurant places its focus on quick turnaround times for efficiency and cost savings. McDonald’s mission statement is â€Å"to be our customers’ favorite place and way to eat. By lowering the unit cost per item and establishing a customer flow process that increases the volume of units sold, McDonald’s can maintain its dollar menu items and low prices (McDonald’s, 2012). The production process of McDonald’s is straightforward and all McDonalds follow the same process with employee training via videos on customer service and the food prep process. The restaurant makes use of sophisticated technology and prepackaged pre-cut produce to reduce prep times. Each shift has certain cleaning tasks to complete to maintain the food prep area and safety standards. (McDonald’s, 2012). Whataburger The focus at Whataburger is on freshness and a burger it takes two hands to hold. The mission statement is the same as it originally was: to serve a burger so big that it took two hands to hold and so good that with one bite customers would say, â€Å"What a burger! ’’(Whataburger 2012). Whataburger uses the latest technology but preserves the importance of the customer and made to order food. Identify the customer expectations for the service and product McDonalds The customer expectations for McDonalds are based on speedy service and good prices. The fast food chain has a value menu with items for one dollar during all meal times. Customers expect quick delivery of their meal whether they drive through or dine inside. Whataburger Whataburger patrons expect a big burger that is made just for them when they order it. While time of delivery does matter, the experience is more about getting a large burger just the way they want it. Consumers where are not as concerned about a dollar menu. Seven Major Questions How are in-store orders taken? The McDonald’s fast food chain has multiple cashiers where orders are placed face to face and entered via computerized cash registers. The cashiers transmit the orders electronically to a screen in the food prep area, with in store orders are identified from drive through orders. Once the order has been completed, the cashier clears that order when the customer is handed the food. Whataburger also uses electronic screens in the food prep area that receive the order information from the cashier at the counter. Orders are numbered and the customer is given a number to place on his or her table. Whataburger actually has an intermediate server who delivers the finished order to dine in patrons at their tables and offers condiments for their meal. Are the hamburgers prepared to order, or are they prepared ahead of time and delivered from a storage bin? McDonald’s hamburgers are frozen patties to ensure consistency of size and appearance. McDonald’s cooks the patties in batches and place them in temperature controlled warmer bins. Each bins holds one batch and a timer is placed per bin to regulate times according to OSHA standards (McDonald’s, 2012). During peak times, a set quantity of burgers are prepared and prepackaged ahead of time and placed on a temperature regulated delivery rack. Whataburger hamburgers are never cooked until they are ordered. The burgers are made from 100% American beef that has never been frozen (Whataburger, 2012).. How are special orders handled? Since McDonalds does prepare ahead of time, special orders are called over head as well as placed in the computerized order entry system via the cash register. Special stickers are applied to the outside of the burger wrapping to identify special orders as items are placed in the delivery rack. At Whataburger, all orders are special orders. All customers are asked what they want on their burger when they order. Whataburger will take phone orders ahead of time for large groups (such as buses of students) and have them ready when the group arrives. How are the hamburgers cooked? McDonald’s hamburgers are frozen patties to ensure consistency of size and appearance (McDonald’s, 2012). McDonald’s cooks the patties in batches and place them in temperature controlled warmer bins. Each bin holds one batch and a timer is placed per bin to regulate times according to OSHA standards. During peak times, a set quantity of burgers are prepared and prepackaged ahead of time and placed on a temperature regulated delivery rack. Whataburger hamburgers are cooked on a grill top. While the burger is cooking, the bun is toasted alongside it on the grill. How are the hamburgers assembled? At McDonald’s, patties are removed from the warmer bins and assembled according to direction per type of burger or per customer order. The vegetables are already cut up prior to assembly. The total time it takes to prepare a McDonald’s hamburger, from the freezer to the customer’s hands, is about a minute and a half (McDonald’s, 2012). Whataburger burgers are never assembled ahead of time. All vegetables are purchased fresh and cut up often throughout all shifts. The cook places the meat on the grilled bun and passes it to the assembler who adds the vegetables and quickly delivers the food to the server to carry to the table if it is a dine-in order. Is a microwave oven used in the process? McDonald’s previously used a microwave to heat up cheese burgers, but that practice was discontinued about three years ago. They do have a customized pie heater that is based on the microwave; it’s designed specifically to heat the fried Cherry and Apple pies (McDonald’s, 2012). Whataburger does not use a microwave in food preparation. How are other items such as French fries and drinks handled? McDonald’s cooks French fries in batches according to volume using an 80% guideline that states 80% of the customers will order a large size fry. McDonald’s French fries take 2. 5 minutes to cook, thus they have to move fast to maintain the output of fries to keep with the volume of hamburgers (McDonald’s, 2012). The lobby fountain drink stations are self-service. The McDonald’s drive through system is fast and efficient. As each drive through order is keyed, the automated drink dispenser drops the correct size cup into the holder and rotates it through the process of ice and then to the correct fountain drink and fills within one half inch to the lip of the cup. The finished drink slides to the side and the cashier places the tops. Whataburger serves fries that are cooked fresh in a quick fryer in small batches. The fries are never cooked in the same oil with fish or meat products. The soft drinks at Whataburger are self service inside. On to go orders at the window, the cashier fills the drink and places the lid on. State your opinion concerning the process effectiveness, efficiency, and measurements McDonald’s basically serves a market concerned with speed of service and a lower price. As such, the organization has developed some processes to turn out food in under three minutes. The value menu of items for one dollar is also a popular item. McDonald’s operates efficiently, but consumers generally frequent the place based on convenience and speed over quality. McDonald’s measures success largely on the time it takes to deliver food orders. Quality does not seem to be the main concern. Whataburger strives to deliver large quality burgers and food items that are prepared fresh when they are ordered. The service can be a bit slow, but the end product is an old fashioned burger made to order. The processes used are generally effective because the goal is different from the sheer speed desired by McDonalds. Suggestions for improvement McDonald’s and Whataburger do a good job based on the audiences they serve. McDonald’s succeeds because it can turn out inexpensive food quickly. One area that could improve is the automatic drink dispenser used for drive through service. Different flavors of drinks are dispensed through the same line. Some residual flavor from the previous drink shows up in the next one dispensed. Fruity drinks leave a strange taste in colas or lemon lime drinks particularly. Whataburger still treats every order like a special order and starts preparation only after the order is placed. As a result, service may be too slow for hurried consumers. The chain could probably speed up service without compromising quality by adding staff at peak times. Conclusion Organizations of all kinds rely on operations supply chain management to meet the needs of the consumer. An effective and efficient system of delivering raw materials and/or finished goods to the consumer is necessary in all industries to ensure that the business is successful. Whether the business is a sole proprietorship or a mega giant such as Walmart, it must utilize operations and supply chain management to remain profitable and achieve the goals of the organization. References Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (11th ed. ) Richard B. Chase, F. Robert Jacobs, and Nicholas J. AquilanoMcGraw-Hill, 2006 New York, NY McDonalds (2012). Company Information. Retrieved from http://www. mcdonalds. com/ Company Mission. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/our_company/mission_and_values. html Whataburger. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. whataburger. com.

A False Utopia Society English Literature Essay

A Utopia is an ideal province for society nevertheless, a Utopia is impossible to accomplish because a perfect universe does non be. A dystopia occurs when the commanding agents take control over all of society while taking away their rights, and freedom. A dystopia is obviously presented in the two novels Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. It is presented through the novels that control is merely possible with the usage of engineering. There are two distinguishable methods used to do a dystopia, Huxley uses felicity, while Orwell uses fright. Nevertheless, entire control over humanity is non unflawed because a rebellious quality will ever be, such as John, and Winston Smith. Both novels wish to obtain an indistinguishable end, to take complete control over humanity, but due to the defects within the dystopia complete use can non be. The commanding agents think they are making a Utopian society unlike the characters, who are the lone 1s that realise it is a dystopia. Despite the differences that exist within the societies of each novel, they both have the indistinguishable result of a dystopia. It is apparent in the novel Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four, it is impossible to accomplish complete control over humanity even through the usage of felicity. Brave New World attempts to take human individuality by taking over the procedure of maternity and childhood, and doing each babe born to their conditions and wishing. The babes are organized into their future societal groupings: â€Å" We besides predestine and status. We decant our babes as socialised human existences, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewerage works or futureaˆÂ ¦ † ( Huxley 10 ) . They are basically taking the function of God nevertheless, human nature can be modified, but non removed. This is apparent in John who clearly demonstrates true human nature that is in the Fordian society: â€Å" in Brave New World, the separation of gender and reproduction becomes the agencies whereby single individuality is made vulnerable and capable of being destroyed † ( Martin 1 ) . John, unlike t he Fordian society was born from a female parent which makes him portion of a alone society. His acknowledgments of the dystopia nowadays in the Fordian society makes him go a Rebel, as he recognises the defects and efforts to contend against them: â€Å" † Do n't you desire to be free work forces? Do n't you even understand what manhood and freedom are? † †¦ â€Å" I ‘ll do you free whether you want it or non † aˆÂ ¦he began to throw the small pill-boxes of soma tablets in smattering out into the country. † ( Huxley 187 ) Through John it is apparent that his rebellious behavior was a defect in the society because of his acknowledgment of the dystopia. Rebellion will be because of the inability to take human nature which is what finally lead John and Winston to going Rebels. In the fresh Nineteen Eighty-Four, protagonist Winston Smith is a Rebel. Winston, likewise to John has the ability to acknowledge the dystopia due to his human nature. Winston belongs in a alone portion of the society that rebels against the accountant Big Brother. He is determined to destruct Big Brother and finally destruct the dystopia. This purpose is exemplified when he states: â€Å" I do n't conceive of that we can change anything in our ain life-time. But one can conceive of small knots of opposition jumping up here and there-small groups of people banding themselves together, and bit by bit turning † ( Orwell 141 ) . He non merely has the dedication to destruct it even if he is a little fraction of the Oceanian society, but he states that there are other people similar to him. Unlike the Fordian society, Oceania attempts to cover with the Rebels by seeking to alter their human nature and do them into blind followings of the party: â€Å" O'Brien turns the one rebelli ous Winston into another thoughtless drone of the Party, representing the almighty nature of the authorities, and the futility of contending against it. † ( Beaird 1 ) . Although Winston was turned into a follower of Big Brother, he was portion of a society that exemplifies human nature and farther recognizing the dystopia. Both societies have Rebels within them such as John and Winston therefore, the rebellious presence depicts the societies as non flawless. The chief end is for the commanding agents is to accomplish complete control over the society, although both novels use different techniques to try to accomplish complete human control the result is indistinguishable. Nineteen Eighty-four utilizations fear while Brave New World uses felicity to take control over people. The Fordian society makes each group enjoy their life, and be happy with what they are making as stated by the Director of Brave New World: â€Å" that is the secret of felicity and virtuousness – wishing what you ‘ve got to make. All conditioning purpose at that: devising people like their unescapable societal fate. † ( Huxley 12 ) . The Fordian society is based on fulfilling the demands of the people, but since the hatching Centre sets the people ‘s demands they are really easy to follow. Meloni emphasizes that because all the desires are obtained there is no demand for freedom: â€Å" Desire is dead in the Brave New World: to acknowledge the being of it would intend to acknowledge the failure of the ideal province. That is why all cardinal demands, above all those related with the sexual inherent aptitude, are instantly satisfied except for the desire for freedom, which has necessarily been suppressed † ( Varricchio 1 ) . The Fordian society does non necessitate freedom because they do non cognize what it is, an semblance is made that they are populating with freedom but in world even their freedom is controlled. Sexual activity and haoma, a drug that all of society takes to do themselves more relaxed and happy, finally distracts society from the real property and yesteryear, similar to the Oceanian society. The Oceanian society presented in Nineteen Eighty-Four utilizations fright and propaganda to try to take control over all of humanity. Oceania is invariably watching people, and maintaining people sacred to either make something against the jurisprudence or even believe incorrect about Large Brother. The penalty as all the people know is either decease or terrible maltreatment, maintaining the society scared to make something incorrect. Both novels remove: the usage privateness, history, and the past to take control over the society: â€Å" In the standardised societies depicted in both novels the media uphold conformance, denying persons their ain privateness and personal feelings. Simultaneously, they strengthen powers capable of commanding every individual aspect of their topics ‘ life by striping them of all critical attitude. Both societies have emptied of a sense of history and of memory of the yesteryear. In Airstrip One, the emptiness is filled by a host of images of p ropaganda whereas in the fordian universe is shallowness and sensationalism. † ( Neilson 1 ) . One of the universe controllers O'Brien makes it really clear how rigorous the Party is to all of society, â€Å" There will be no trueness, except trueness towards the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of victory over a defeated enemyaˆÂ ¦All viing pleasances will be destroyed. But alwaysaˆÂ ¦there will be the poisoning of power, invariably increasing and invariably turning subtler. † ( Orwell 242 ) . Sexual activity must besides be controlled by both societies to hold control over the people: â€Å" Since gender lies at the nucleus of identityaˆÂ ¦it must be controlled by the province every bit good. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the method used is non physical control of gender and reproduction through engineering and conditioning, as in Brave New World. † ( Martin 1 ) . Sexual activity in Oceania is considered a rebellious act if done with pleasance or joy, which is why Winston has sex with his spouse Julia. Even with Oceania utilizing fright, and the Fordian society utilizing happiness the result is that both of the societies have turned into a dystopia, which is apparent through the Rebels John, and Winston. But without the usage of engineering no control is possible. Technology is as a necessity for accomplishing domination. Through both novels Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four it is exemplified that merely with the usage of engineering it is possible to command people. Both Fordian, and Oceanian society use the engineering otherwise nevertheless, for the same intent. Brave New World uses engineering to do different groups of people assigned to different occupations in their life, engineering is besides used to keep properties of immature age and felicity: â€Å" We preserve them from diseases. We keep their internal secernments unnaturally balanced at a vernal equilibriumaˆÂ ¦We give them transfusions of immature blood. We keep their metamorphosis for good stimulated. Youth about unimpaired till 60, and so, cleft! The terminal. † ( Huxley 95 ) . Technology is the most of import portion of the citizen ‘s lives, and for the commanding agents because it is easier to modify human nature from birth. Besides with old age and u nhappiness society would non obey their orders, and effort to better their lives taking to blemish within the dystopia: â€Å" On suction reserves reside people who lack technological â€Å" progresss. † The abode of Malpais, in contrast with the citizens of the World State, pattern a simple, agricultural life style. They give birth to kids of course and pattern monogamousness. † ( Beaird 1 ) . The little society outside of the World State is non controlled because they will non let themselves to be, and without engineering they will populate their lives in a free and rebellious mode as exemplified by John. Unlike the World State, Oceania is watching and commanding everybody at all times. In the fresh Nineteen Eighty-Four, engineering is used to watch people and all their actions. While all of society knows they are being watched it non merely lets the accountants keep society under their orders, but makes society scared to disobey: â€Å" the innovation of the telescreenaˆÂ ¦is righty considered of the extreme importance for the care of a constabulary stateaˆÂ ¦The telecasting is hence shown to attach to every individual minute of people ‘s life, developing them to entire passiveness † ( Beaird 1 ) . Without the telescreen watching society, people would be close and have a sense of security finally, taking to rebellion: â€Å" The telescreen received and transmitted at the same time. Any sound Winston made, above the lever of a really low susurration, would be picked up by it ; furthermore, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he would be seen every bit good as heardaˆÂ ¦You had to live-did u nrecorded, form wont that became instinct-in the premise that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every minute scrutinised. † ( Orwell 6 ) . Both novels use engineering to take control, and manipulate over society. Brave New World takes control of people from the beggary of their being, while Nineteen Eighty-four utilizations engineering to invariably watch society and penalize the disobeyers, finally doing fright. Nevertheless both novels successfully attempt to accomplish entire human control making a dystopia. In both novels ; Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four, their several societies are populating in a utopia, but for John and Winston they are able to see that it is a dystopia. Even with different methods and engineering used, it is exemplified through the Rebels John and Winston that the defects in the control system will ne'er let complete control. It is proven through them that human nature is possible to pull strings but non destruct. Therefore, this leaves human control and use possible to a certain extent. Despite the Fordian society and Oceania trying to accomplish a utopia utilizing different methods, it is apparent that accomplishing a Utopia is impossible because a perfect universe does non be, and the effort will finally take to an indistinguishable result. Work Cited Huxley, Aldous.A Brave New World. London: Chatto & A ; Windus, 1932. Print. Orwell, George.A Nineteen Eighty-Four. Martin Secker & A ; Warburg Ltd, 1949. Print. Martin, R.A A. â€Å" Abortion and Birth Control in Literature. † Literary Reference Center. Ebscohost. Web. 13 January 2013 Glover, Beaird. â€Å" Nineteen Eighty-four † Literary Reference Center. Ebscohost. Web. 13 January 2013 Neilson, Keith. â€Å" Brave New World † Literary Reference Center. Ebscohost. Web. 13 January 2013. Varricchio, Mario. â€Å" Power of Images/A ImagesA of Power in Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty- Four. † Literary Reference Center. Ebscohost. Web. 13 January 2013.

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement

Care should be taken, however, to ensure that deals are accurately valued, taking into account all considerations, such as relationship value, time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain. These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors. The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiator’s alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party’s BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be real and actionable to be of value,[1] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria. [citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options. [citation needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating outcomes. Negotiatiors also need to be aware of the other negotiator’s BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering. 2] BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating a game theory concept pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier in his early undergraduate research. [citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Definitions 2 Examples 2. 1 Selling a car 2. 2 Purchasing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Definitions BATNA An acronym defined by negotiation researches Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. 3] It is the alternative action that will be taken if your proposed agreement with another party result in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement cannot be reached. Historical Theories The Nash Equilibrium as developed by John Forbes Nash, the father of Game Theory, is described in Getting to YES[3] as the underlying idea for the concept of BATNA in negotiation (Roger B. Myerson, April 1996). [4] In a nutshell, Nash Equilibrium theory explains that, if in a group of players, each player has in consideration the other player’s decisions, then no one will benefit from altering their decisions, if the other players haven’t either. 5] Example of Nash Equilibrium Theory Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil’s d ecision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy’s decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. We cannot think of BATNA without first understanding the notion of negotiation. Negotiation has been part of the â€Å"business† mentality of human beings as we know it, since the beginning of mankind. Take for example the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest ongoing negotiations of the kind, based primarily on the dispute over land (UN, 1948). We negotiate every single day of our lives; whether it is goods, commodities, ideas, positions, or money. The list could be endless. For this reason knowing how to negotiate is very important. The idea is to have all parties mutually satisfied with the results achieved through the highest standards of (Ethics) and legitimate standards. In no other time of world history as the modern days, has the ability and the necessity of knowing how to negotiate, using sophisticated tools and civil discourse been so essential to society. As explained in Getting to YES, â€Å"We are each participants in a pioneering generation of negotiators†¦ it is central to human life and the survival of our species. â€Å"[3] Negotiations Concepts Leading to Good BATNA A ruthless, aggressive and cold blooded negotiation style is the framework approach most people have when it comes to negotiation,[6] a theoretical example of that is Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. 6] But in reality, as mentioned by experts and researchers such as Fisher and Ury [3] it doesn’t have to be that way. As the world moves to more sophisticated platforms of communication, negotiation follows the trend and Problem-Solving Approach(citation) is in a way, the â€Å"antidote† of Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. Getting to YES[3] sugge st an Interest-Based Model for the use of Problem-Solving Approach. Interest-Based Model focus on separating the person (positional) from the problems (resolution) and then concentrate on the resolution. This way allowing for both parties in a distributive way to get the results they both want. ABC’s of BATNA Having a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) as part of the negotiation is imperative as the name explains. No one should come to the negotiation table without a BATNA. [7] This will allow for intelligent negotiation and bargain zones. In addition to having a BATNA, parties should have a Bottom Line or Reservation Price. What this prevents is that neither party will come out with agreements they don’t need[3] Often, parties go to the negotiation table with what they imagine is a great BATNA. For example, how many times have you walked into a job interview with no other solid job offers in hand, let alone perspective of solid salaries, benefits and other great things you are looking for in a job. [3] The ability to be in a powerful position so the negotiation can be intelligent and satisfactory to both parties requires preparation and research. So do not cut yourself short for the lack of having a better BATNA at all times. [3] If having a good BATNA in essential, developing a BATNA is equally important. Let’s assume that you are going to work for a company that is not offering you the salary you desire. Instead, you know that they offer other perks such as, company cars, luxurious vacation homes, and state-of-the-art computers and laptops to their employees. In other words, Alternatives. [3] Attractive Alternatives is what you want to explore in order to develop a very strong BATNA. In Getting to YES, the authors give 3 suggestions of how you can accomplish this: Inventing a list of actions you might take if no agreement is reached Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives Selecting the alternative that sounds best BATNA rules Parties should never disclose their BATNA, unless, the alternative is better. In other words, if your best alternative to a negotiated agreement is better than what the other party is offering, then disclosing it, is to your advantage. If on the other hand it is worse, then do not disclose it. BATNA in Cross Cultural Frameworks Currently in the United States and due to recent world events, there are more and more individuals with a different cultural background and approach to negotiation. When individuals come to the negotiation and bargaining table ready to use their BATNA, and one of the parties is from a different culture, there is a tremendous game change in approach. Both parties need to think and account for cultural cognitive behaviors. Both parties must expand their thinking negotiation hats by not allowing external judgment and biases to affect the negotiation. As mentioned earlier, separate the individual from the objective[3] For example imagine you are negotiating with a party from an Arab Nation. Is this going to effect your view of how you are going to negotiate? Or even if you are the party from that nation, are you prepared to receive an offer lower than your BATNA because you know you are from a different culture. The previous is a very simple example, but the purpose here as Gulliver[8] mentioned, is for negotiation parties to be aware. Disclosure This is a very new topic in negotiation and there aren’t many frameworks in place to help this scenario. Nonetheless, preparation at all levels, including prejudicial free thoughts, emotional free behavior, biases free behavior are just a few ways according to the Handbook of Negotiations and Culture[9] that can helps in the right direction. edit]Examples The following examples illustrate the basic principles of identifying the BATNA and how to use it in further negotiations to help value other offers. [edit]Selling a car If the seller of a car has a written offer from a dealership to buy the seller’s car for $1,000, then the seller’s BATNA when dealing with other potential purchasers would be $1,000 since the seller can get $1,000 for the car even without reaching an agreement with an alternative purchaser. In this example, other offers that illustrate the difficulty of valuing qualitative factors might include: An offer of $900 by a close relative An offer of $1,100 in 45 days (what are the chances of this future commitment falling through, and would the seller’s prior BATNA (the $1,000 offer from the dealership) still be available if it did? ) An offer from another dealer to offset $1,500 against the price of a new car (does the seller want to buy a new car right now, and the offered car in particular? ) [edit]Purchasing Buyers are often able to leverage their BATNA with regards to prices. This is done through buying from the lowest cost or best value seller. [edit]See also Getting to YES Getting past No Conflict resolution research Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell [edit]References ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0143118756. ^ Myerson, Roger B. â€Å"Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory†. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. â€Å"The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna†. Gamed Therory Varied Ueses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dipute Resolution in a Nutshel. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN ISBN 978-0314180148. ^ Honeyman and Schneider, Andrea and Chistopher (2006). The Negotiators Fieldbook: Desktop Reference. American Bar Association. pp. 200–300. ISBN 978-1590315453. ^ Gulliver, P. H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287. ^ Brett and Gelfand, Jeanne and Michael (2004). The Handbook of Negotiations and Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Care should be taken, however, to ensure that deals are accurately valued, taking into account all considerations, such as relationship value, time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain. These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors. The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiator’s alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party’s BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be real and actionable to be of value,[1] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria. [citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options. [citation needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating outcomes. Negotiatiors also need to be aware of the other negotiator’s BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering. 2] BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating a game theory concept pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier in his early undergraduate research. [citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Definitions 2 Examples 2. 1 Selling a car 2. 2 Purchasing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Definitions BATNA An acronym defined by negotiation researches Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. 3] It is the alternative action that will be taken if your proposed agreement with another party result in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement cannot be reached. Historical Theories The Nash Equilibrium as developed by John Forbes Nash, the father of Game Theory, is described in Getting to YES[3] as the underlying idea for the concept of BATNA in negotiation (Roger B. Myerson, April 1996). [4] In a nutshell, Nash Equilibrium theory explains that, if in a group of players, each player has in consideration the other player’s decisions, then no one will benefit from altering their decisions, if the other players haven’t either. 5] Example of Nash Equilibrium Theory Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil’s d ecision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy’s decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. We cannot think of BATNA without first understanding the notion of negotiation. Negotiation has been part of the â€Å"business† mentality of human beings as we know it, since the beginning of mankind. Take for example the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest ongoing negotiations of the kind, based primarily on the dispute over land (UN, 1948). We negotiate every single day of our lives; whether it is goods, commodities, ideas, positions, or money. The list could be endless. For this reason knowing how to negotiate is very important. The idea is to have all parties mutually satisfied with the results achieved through the highest standards of (Ethics) and legitimate standards. In no other time of world history as the modern days, has the ability and the necessity of knowing how to negotiate, using sophisticated tools and civil discourse been so essential to society. As explained in Getting to YES, â€Å"We are each participants in a pioneering generation of negotiators†¦ it is central to human life and the survival of our species. â€Å"[3] Negotiations Concepts Leading to Good BATNA A ruthless, aggressive and cold blooded negotiation style is the framework approach most people have when it comes to negotiation,[6] a theoretical example of that is Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. 6] But in reality, as mentioned by experts and researchers such as Fisher and Ury [3] it doesn’t have to be that way. As the world moves to more sophisticated platforms of communication, negotiation follows the trend and Problem-Solving Approach(citation) is in a way, the â€Å"antidote† of Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. Getting to YES[3] sugge st an Interest-Based Model for the use of Problem-Solving Approach. Interest-Based Model focus on separating the person (positional) from the problems (resolution) and then concentrate on the resolution. This way allowing for both parties in a distributive way to get the results they both want. ABC’s of BATNA Having a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) as part of the negotiation is imperative as the name explains. No one should come to the negotiation table without a BATNA. [7] This will allow for intelligent negotiation and bargain zones. In addition to having a BATNA, parties should have a Bottom Line or Reservation Price. What this prevents is that neither party will come out with agreements they don’t need[3] Often, parties go to the negotiation table with what they imagine is a great BATNA. For example, how many times have you walked into a job interview with no other solid job offers in hand, let alone perspective of solid salaries, benefits and other great things you are looking for in a job. [3] The ability to be in a powerful position so the negotiation can be intelligent and satisfactory to both parties requires preparation and research. So do not cut yourself short for the lack of having a better BATNA at all times. [3] If having a good BATNA in essential, developing a BATNA is equally important. Let’s assume that you are going to work for a company that is not offering you the salary you desire. Instead, you know that they offer other perks such as, company cars, luxurious vacation homes, and state-of-the-art computers and laptops to their employees. In other words, Alternatives. [3] Attractive Alternatives is what you want to explore in order to develop a very strong BATNA. In Getting to YES, the authors give 3 suggestions of how you can accomplish this: Inventing a list of actions you might take if no agreement is reached Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives Selecting the alternative that sounds best BATNA rules Parties should never disclose their BATNA, unless, the alternative is better. In other words, if your best alternative to a negotiated agreement is better than what the other party is offering, then disclosing it, is to your advantage. If on the other hand it is worse, then do not disclose it. BATNA in Cross Cultural Frameworks Currently in the United States and due to recent world events, there are more and more individuals with a different cultural background and approach to negotiation. When individuals come to the negotiation and bargaining table ready to use their BATNA, and one of the parties is from a different culture, there is a tremendous game change in approach. Both parties need to think and account for cultural cognitive behaviors. Both parties must expand their thinking negotiation hats by not allowing external judgment and biases to affect the negotiation. As mentioned earlier, separate the individual from the objective[3] For example imagine you are negotiating with a party from an Arab Nation. Is this going to effect your view of how you are going to negotiate? Or even if you are the party from that nation, are you prepared to receive an offer lower than your BATNA because you know you are from a different culture. The previous is a very simple example, but the purpose here as Gulliver[8] mentioned, is for negotiation parties to be aware. Disclosure This is a very new topic in negotiation and there aren’t many frameworks in place to help this scenario. Nonetheless, preparation at all levels, including prejudicial free thoughts, emotional free behavior, biases free behavior are just a few ways according to the Handbook of Negotiations and Culture[9] that can helps in the right direction. edit]Examples The following examples illustrate the basic principles of identifying the BATNA and how to use it in further negotiations to help value other offers. [edit]Selling a car If the seller of a car has a written offer from a dealership to buy the seller’s car for $1,000, then the seller’s BATNA when dealing with other potential purchasers would be $1,000 since the seller can get $1,000 for the car even without reaching an agreement with an alternative purchaser. In this example, other offers that illustrate the difficulty of valuing qualitative factors might include: An offer of $900 by a close relative An offer of $1,100 in 45 days (what are the chances of this future commitment falling through, and would the seller’s prior BATNA (the $1,000 offer from the dealership) still be available if it did? ) An offer from another dealer to offset $1,500 against the price of a new car (does the seller want to buy a new car right now, and the offered car in particular? ) [edit]Purchasing Buyers are often able to leverage their BATNA with regards to prices. This is done through buying from the lowest cost or best value seller. [edit]See also Getting to YES Getting past No Conflict resolution research Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell [edit]References ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0143118756. ^ Myerson, Roger B. â€Å"Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory†. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. â€Å"The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna†. Gamed Therory Varied Ueses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dipute Resolution in a Nutshel. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN ISBN 978-0314180148. ^ Honeyman and Schneider, Andrea and Chistopher (2006). The Negotiators Fieldbook: Desktop Reference. American Bar Association. pp. 200–300. ISBN 978-1590315453. ^ Gulliver, P. H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287. ^ Brett and Gelfand, Jeanne and Michael (2004). The Handbook of Negotiations and